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Frank L. Lambert (July 10, 1918 – December 28, 2018) was an American academic who was Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Occidental College, Los Angeles.He is known for his advocacy of changing the definition of thermodynamic entropy as "disorder" in US general chemistry texts to its replacement by viewing entropy as a measure of energy dispersal.
The term "entropy" has been in use from early in the history of classical thermodynamics, and with the development of statistical thermodynamics and quantum theory, entropy changes have been described in terms of the mixing or "spreading" of the total energy of each constituent of a system over its particular quantized energy levels.
Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group. The chemistry of radium is not well-established due to its radioactivity; [2] thus, the presentation of its properties here is limited. The alkaline earth metals are all silver-colored and soft, and have relatively low densities, melting points, and boiling ...
General chemistry (sometimes referred to as "gen chem") is offered by colleges and universities as an introductory level chemistry course usually taken by students during their first year. [1] The course is usually run with a concurrent lab section that gives students an opportunity to experience a laboratory environment and carry out ...
where ln denotes the natural logarithm, is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and R is the ideal gas constant.This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction be stationary in a state of chemical equilibrium.
Analogous to Hess's law which deal with the summation of enthalpy (ΔH) values, Bordwell thermodynamic cycles deal with the summation of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values. Free energies used in these systems are most often determined from equilibriums and redox potentials, both of which correlate with free energy.
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive one-volume reference resource for science research. First published in 1914, it is currently (as of 2024 [update] ) in its 105th edition, published in 2024.