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Abu al-Aswad's system of Harakat was different from the system we know today. The system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel. A dot above a letter indicated the vowel a, a dot below indicated the vowel i, a dot on the side of a letter stood for the vowel u, and two dots stood for the tanwīn.
"Arabic" = Letters used in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and most regional dialects. "Farsi" = Letters used in modern Persian. FW = Foreign words: the letter is sometimes used to spell foreign words. SV = Stylistic variant: the letter is used interchangeably with at least one other letter depending on the calligraphic style.
Rasm (Arabic: رَسْم) is an Arabic writing script often used in the early centuries of Classical Arabic literature (7th century – early 11th century AD). Essentially it is the same as today's Arabic script except for the big difference that the Arabic diacritics are omitted. These diacritics include i'jam (إِعْجَام, ʾiʿjām ...
Initially, this was done using a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned by Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, the Umayyad governor of Iraq, according to traditional accounts [citation needed]: a dot above = a, a dot below = i, a dot on the line = u, and doubled dots giving tanwin. However, this was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letter ...
For example, the Arabic letters ب b, ت t, and ث th have the same basic shape, but with one dot added below, two dots added above, and three dots added above respectively. The letter ن n also has the same form in initial and medial forms, with one dot added above, though it is somewhat different in its isolated and final forms.
Arabic Letter Feh With Dot Below Ingush U+06A4 ڤ Arabic Letter Veh Middle Eastern Arabic for foreign words Kurdish, Khwarazmian, early Persian, Jawi U+06A5 ڥ Arabic Letter Feh With Three Dots Below North African Arabic for foreign words U+06A6 ڦ Arabic Letter Peheh Sindhi U+06A7 ڧ Arabic Letter Qaf With Dot Above
The letter ve is sometimes used in Arabic language to write names and loanwords with the phoneme /v/, such as ڤولڤو , ڤيتنام , نوڤمبر and ڤيينا viyenna , but rather described, for example, in Egyptian Arabic, it is called fe be talat noʾaṭ (فه بتلات نقط, "Fa' with three dots").
The standard practice in Egypt (for Literary and Egyptian Arabic), [1] as in coastal Yemen and southwestern and eastern Oman, is to use ǧīm (ج ) for /g/, while in Arabic dialects like Algerian Arabic, Hejazi Arabic and Najdi Arabic it is qāf (ق ), so the name gāf can be used for the letter when trying to explain a pronunciation or a spelling of a word, whether the word is foreign ...