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A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect unintentional all-zero messages.
A phase frequency detector (PFD) is an asynchronous circuit originally made of four flip-flops (i.e., the phase-frequency detectors found in both the RCA CD4046 and the motorola MC4344 ICs introduced in the 1970s). The logic determines which of the two signals has a zero-crossing earlier or more often.
The simplest error-detection system, the parity bit, is in fact a 1-bit CRC: it uses the generator polynomial x + 1 (two terms), [5] and has the name CRC-1. Application [ edit ]
Consider a classical phase detector implemented with analog multiplier and low-pass filter. Multiplier phase detector in time domain. Here (()) and (()) denote high-frequency signals, piecewise differentiable functions (), () represent waveforms of input signals, , denote phases, and () denotes the output of the filter.
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In telecommunications the parity referred to by some protocols is for error-detection. The transmission medium is preset, at both end points, to agree on either odd parity or even parity. The transmission medium is preset, at both end points, to agree on either odd parity or even parity.
Some DRAM chips include "internal" on-chip error-correction circuits, which allow systems with non-ECC memory controllers to still gain most of the benefits of ECC ...