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The lunar south pole is located on the center of the polar Antarctic Circle (80°S to 90°S). [2] [4] (The axis spin is 88.5 degrees from the plane of the ecliptic.) The lunar south pole has shifted 5.5 degrees from its original position billions of years ago. [5]
Shackleton is an impact crater that lies at the lunar south pole. The peaks along the crater's rim are exposed to almost continual sunlight, while the interior is perpetually in shadow . The low-temperature interior of this crater functions as a cold trap that may capture and freeze volatiles shed during comet impacts on the Moon.
Layout of the 30 lunar quadrangles at the 1:2,500,000 map scale Layout of the 144 Lunar quadrangles at the 1:1,000,000 map scale. The Moon has been divided into 30 quadrangles by the United States Geological Survey at the 1:2,500,000 map scale. [1] At the 1:1,000,000 scale it's divided into 144 quadrangles. [2]
The South Pole–Aitken basin (SPA Basin, / ˈ eɪ t k ɪ n /) is an immense impact crater on the far side of the Moon. At roughly 2,500 km (1,600 mi) in diameter and between 6.2 and 8.2 km (3.9–5.1 mi) deep, it is one of the largest known impact craters in the Solar System .
Malapert is a lunar impact crater that lies near the south pole of the Moon, named for 17th century astronomer Charles Malapert. [2] From the Earth this formation is viewed from the side, limiting the amount of detail that can be seen. The crater is also illuminated at very low angles, so that parts of the interior remain in almost constant ...
Its most extensive topographic feature is the giant far-side South Pole–Aitken basin, some 2,240 km (1,390 mi) in diameter, the largest crater on the Moon and the second-largest confirmed impact crater in the Solar System. [118] [119] At 13 km (8.1 mi) deep, its floor is the lowest point on the surface of the Moon.
The South Pole-Aitken basin is located at the lunar south pole. This is the second largest known impact basin in the Solar System, as well as the oldest and biggest impact feature on the Moon, [38] and should provide geologists access to deeper layers of the Moon's crust. It is where the Chinese Chang'e 4 has landed, on the far side.
Due to Haworth's position near the lunar south pole, large amounts of the crater are permanently shadowed regions.These regions are very cold; many are believed to never reach temperatures above 40 Kelvin, making Haworth colder than nearby craters such as Shackleton and Faustini. [4]