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The conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid, which condenses rapidly in the stratosphere to form fine sulfate aerosols. A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, sulfur-rich, particularly explosive volcanic eruption.
The geologic temperature record are changes in Earth's environment as determined from geologic evidence on multi-million to billion (10 9) year time scales. The study of past temperatures provides an important paleoenvironmental insight because it is a component of the climate and oceanography of the time.
Pre-Boreal sharp rise in temperature over 50 years (B-S), precedes Boreal 8500–6900: Boreal (B-S), rising sea levels, forest replaces tundra in northern Europe 7500–3900: Neolithic Subpluvial/African humid period in North Africa, wet 7000–3000: Holocene climatic optimum, or Atlantic in northern Europe (B-S) 6200: 8.2-kiloyear event cold ...
The red curve shows the global mean temperature, according HadCRUT4 data from 1850 onwards. In blue is the original hockey stick of Mann, Bradley and Hughes (1999 ) with its uncertainty range (light blue). Graph by Klaus Bitterman.
Also, the research also compared the contribution of temperature change among three natural factors. [23] Volcanic activities was the main driver of the Little Ice Age (Fig. 7), [23] because volcanism was the largest forcing. Fig. 6 – graph shows the temperature change induced by natural factors which were volcanism, solar and greenhouse gases.
2020–2022 Taal Volcano eruptions: 38 Dieng Volcanic Complex: 2 Indonesia: 1786 [30] 32 Mount Nyiragongo: 1 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2021 2021 Mount Nyiragongo eruption: 32 Kelud: 4 Indonesia: 1990 [40] 31 Bayonnaise Rocks: 2 Japan: 1952 [41] 31 Nabro Volcano: 4 Eritrea: 2011 2011 Nabro eruption: 30 Rinjani: 3 Indonesia: 1994 [42] 27 ...
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Guadeloupe has only one recognized volcano, La Grande Soufrière; List of volcanoes in Guatemala; List of volcanoes in Hawaii; List of volcanoes in Honduras; List of volcanoes in Martinique; List of volcanoes in Mexico; List of volcanoes in Montserrat; List of volcanoes in Nicaragua; List of volcanoes in Panama; List of volcanoes in Peru