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Passive leg raise, also known as shock position, is a treatment for shock or a test to evaluate the need for further fluid resuscitation in a critically ill person. [1]It is the position of a person who is lying flat on their back with the legs elevated approximately 8–12 inches (200–300 mm).
Shock is both common and has a high risk of death. [3] In the United States about 1.2 million people present to the emergency room each year with shock and their risk of death is between 20 and 50%. [3] The best evidence exists for the treatment of septic shock in adults.
Shock therapy describes a set of techniques used in psychiatry to treat depressive disorder or other mental illnesses. It covers multiple forms, such as inducing seizures or other extreme brain states, or acting as a painful method of aversive conditioning. [1] Two types of shock therapy are currently practiced:
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System Example causes Biomarker Treatment Hypoperfusion (Circulatory shock) : Haemorrhagic shock: Hypovolemia (Hypovolemic shock) : Intravascular volume status () : Heart rate (Tachycardia) / Systolic blood pressure (Hypotension) / Decreased urine output
Healthy patients should be able to compensate for lower volumes to some extent, but patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease limiting myocardial function (such as angina pectoris) may not. Applying permissive hypotension to the latter patient category may result in decreased coronary perfusion and result in ischemic damage to the heart ...
ECT is generally a second-line treatment for people with catatonia who do not respond to other treatments, but is a first-line treatment for severe or life-threatening catatonia. [ 4 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] There is a plethora of evidence for its efficacy, notwithstanding a lack of randomised controlled trials, such that "the excellent efficacy of ECT ...
Lactic acid should lower with appropriate treatment of shock. [22] EKG should also be performed. Tachycardia is often present, but other specific findings may be present based on the underlying cause. [10] [23] At the bedside, point-of-care echocardiography should be used. [22] This is non-invasive and can help diagnose the four types of shock ...