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An open syllable containing a short vowel (i.e. CV), such as وَ wa ' and ' Heavy: An open syllable containing a long vowel (i.e. CVV), such as سَافَرَ sā.fara ' he travelled ' A closed syllable containing a short vowel followed by one consonant (i.e. CVC), such as مِن min ' from ' or كَتَبْتُ ka.tab.tu ' I wrote ' Super-heavy:
Native Arabic long vowels: ā ī ū; Long vowels in borrowed words: ē ō; Short vowels: fatḥa is represented as a, kasra as i and ḍamma as u. (see short vowel marks) Wāw and yāʼ are represented as u and i after fatḥa: ʻain "eye", yaum "day". Non-standard Arabic consonants: p (پ), ž (ژ), g (گ) Alif maqṣūra (ى): ā; Madda (آ ...
All long vowels are shortened when followed by two consonants (including geminated consonants), and also in unstressed syllables, though they are sometimes kept long in careful speech pronunciations of loanwords, as in /qaːˈhira/ ('Cairo') and a few other borrowings from Classical Arabic with similar shapes, such as /zˤaːˈhira ...
Short vowels may be written with diacritics placed above or below the consonant that precedes them in the syllable, called ḥarakāt. All Arabic vowels, long and short, follow a consonant; in Arabic, words like "Ali" or "alif", for example, start with a consonant: ‘Aliyy, alif.
Hejazi also retains most of the long and short vowels of Classical Arabic with no vowel reduction, although in a few words /a/ and /aː/ are pronounced with an open back . The main phonological feature that differentiates urban Hejazi from the neighboring dialects of the Arabian peninsula and the Levant is the constant use of full vowels and ...
Long vowels of Classical Arabic are represented by doubled symbols: ii, aa, and uu, and i, a, and u represent short versions (kasrah, fatHat', Dammat'). In general, combinations of vowels are allowed to express different vowels or intonations including vernacular or colloquial or other nonstandard vowels.
The Arabic script is a modified abjad, where all letters are consonants, leaving it up to the reader to fill in the vowel sounds. Short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters, but short vowels and consonant length are not generally indicated in writing. Tashkīl is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length.
It also has six vowel phonemes (three short vowels and three long vowels). These appear as various allophones, depending on the preceding consonant. Short vowels are not usually represented in the written language, although they may be indicated with diacritics. Word stress varies from one Arabic dialect to another.