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  2. Neural tube defect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube_defect

    Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spine or cranium remains from early in human development. In the third week of pregnancy called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of the embryo begin to change shape and form the neural tube.

  3. Anencephaly - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anencephaly

    Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. [1] It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. [2]

  4. Triple test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_test

    The triple test, also called triple screen, the Kettering test or the Bart's test, is an investigation performed during pregnancy in the second trimester to classify a patient as either high-risk or low-risk for chromosomal abnormalities (and neural tube defects). The term "multiple-marker screening test" is sometimes used instead.

  5. Spina bifida - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spina_bifida

    Genetic counseling and further genetic testing through amniocentesis may be offered during the pregnancy, as some neural tube defects are associated with genetic disorders such as trisomy 18. Ultrasound screening for spina bifida is partly responsible for the decline in new cases, because many pregnancies are terminated out of fear that a ...

  6. Prenatal testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_testing

    Chromosomal abnormalities, neural tube defects, abdominal wall defects, heart defects, other major physical defects Very low risk, however there is the potential for bruising, pain, nerve damage, fainting, haematoma, bacterial infection, and bloodborne pathogen exposure. Amniocentesis (diagnostic) [16] [17] Week 15 – 20 Invasive

  7. Fetal surgery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_surgery

    Neural tube defects (NTD), which begin to become observable at the 28th day of pregnancy, occur when the embryonic neural tube fails to close properly, the developing brain and spinal cord are openly exposed to amniotic fluid.

  8. Elevated alpha-fetoprotein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_alpha-fetoprotein

    The fetus normally excretes AFP into its urine, hence into the amniotic fluid. A fetus with one of three broad categories of defects also releases AFP by other means. These categories are open neural tube defect, open abdominal wall defect, and skin disease or other failure of the interior or exterior body surface. [citation needed]

  9. Folate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate

    Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the baby. [3] [10] NTDs include anencephaly and spina bifida, among other defects. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with NTDs. [1]