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Transcriptional repressor CTCF also known as 11-zinc finger protein or CCCTC-binding factor is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the CTCF gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] CTCF is involved in many cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation , insulator activity, V(D)J recombination [ 7 ] and regulation of chromatin architecture.
CTCF then binds another region of the chromosome, creating a loop where Igf2 is blocked from transcription, but H19 is not, resulting in the maternal chromosome expressing H19 but not Igf2. CTCF has been shown to directly interact with Suz12, a subunit of PRC2, in order to silence the Ifg2 promoter region through hypermethylation.
Topologically associating domains within chromosome territories, their borders and interactions. A topologically associating domain (TAD) is a self-interacting genomic region, meaning that DNA sequences within a TAD physically interact with each other more frequently than with sequences outside the TAD. [1]
CTCF molecules can form homodimers on DNA, which can be co-bound by cohesin; this chromatin loop structure helps constrain the ability of enhancers within the loop to target genes outside the loop. Loops with CTCF and cohesin at the start and end of the loop that restrict enhancer-gene targeting are "insulated neighborhoods."
Moreover, CTCF and cohesin play important roles in determining TADs and enhancer-promoter interactions. The result shows that the orientation of CTCF binding motifs in an enhancer-promoter loop should be facing to each other in order for the enhancer to find its correct target. [51]
CTCF forms methylation-sensitive insulators that regulate X-chromosome inactivation. Transcriptional repressor CTCFL (this protein) is a paralog of CTCF and appears to be expressed primarily in the cytoplasm of spermatocytes, unlike CTCF which is expressed primarily in the nucleus of somatic cells. CTCF and CTCFL are normally expressed in a ...
Cohesin might play an important role in regulation of gene expression through the following mechanisms: Cohesin mediating enhancer-promoter interactions by bridging them in cis. [23] Cohesin connecting CTCF sites in cis by interacting with CTCFs in a highly specific and oriented manner. [24]
Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) is the native formula and query language for Microsoft PowerPivot, Power BI Desktop and SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) Tabular models. DAX includes some of the functions that are used in Excel formulas with additional functions that are designed to work with relational data and perform dynamic aggregation.