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The regeneration of organs is a common and widespread adaptive capability among metazoan creatures. [12] In a related context, some animals are able to reproduce asexually through fragmentation, budding, or fission. [9]
Autotomy (from the Greek auto-, "self-" and tome, "severing", αὐτοτομία) or 'self-amputation', is the behaviour whereby an animal sheds or discards an appendage, [1] usually as a self-defense mechanism to elude a predator's grasp or to distract the predator and thereby allow escape. Some animals are able to regenerate the
Epimorphosis is defined as the regeneration of a specific part of an organism in a way that involves extensive cell proliferation of somatic stem cells, [1] dedifferentiation, and reformation, [2] as well as blastema formation. [3]
Starfish regeneration across species follows a common three-phase model and can take up to a year or longer to complete. [2] Though regeneration is used to recover limbs eaten or removed by predators, starfish are also capable of autotomizing and regenerating limbs to evade predators and reproduce. [2]
These animals have an apparently limitless regenerative capacity, and asexual Schmidtea mediterranea has been shown to maintain its telomere length through regeneration. [24] Live planarians are increasingly used in toxicological research due to their regenerative capabilities, simple anatomy, and sensitivity to environmental changes.
All cnidarians can regenerate, allowing them to recover from injury and to reproduce asexually. Hydras are simple, freshwater animals possessing radial symmetry and contain post-mitotic cells (cells that will never divide again) only in the extremities. [14] All hydra cells continually divide. [15]
The four types of regeneration are epimorphosis, stem cell mediated regeneration, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration (compensatory hyperplasia). Epimorphosis occurs when other adult cells in a damaged tissue undergo dedifferentiation and then divide to form an undifferentiated mass of tissue, this new mass encompasses the mass of ...
[177] [178] [179] This stable, long-term alteration of the anatomical layout to which animals regenerate, without genomic editing, is an example of epigenetic inheritance of body pattern, and is also the only available "strain" of planarian species exhibiting an inherited anatomical change that is different from the wild-type. [180]