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In superscalar designs, the number of execution units is invisible to the instruction set. Each instruction encodes one operation only. For most superscalar designs, the instruction width is 32 bits or fewer. In contrast, one VLIW instruction encodes multiple operations, at least one operation for each execution unit of a device.
An analogy is the difference between scalar and vector arithmetic. A superscalar processor is a mixture of the two. A superscalar processor is a mixture of the two. Each instruction processes one data item, but there are multiple execution units within each CPU thus multiple instructions can be processing separate data items concurrently.
Multi-chip module, multi-core, superscalar, 4-way decode, out-of-order execution, SMT, L3 cache Zen 4: 2022 Multi-chip module, multi-core, superscalar, L3 cache Crusoe: 2000 In-order execution, 128-bit VLIW, integrated memory controller Efficeon: 2004 In-order execution, 256-bit VLIW, fully integrated memory controller Cyrix Cx5x86: 1995 6 [3]
Superscalar execution, VLIW, and the closely related explicitly parallel instruction computing concepts, in which multiple execution units are used to execute multiple instructions in parallel. Out-of-order execution where instructions execute in any order that does not violate data dependencies. Note that this technique is independent of both ...
VLIW (at least the original forms) has several short-comings that precluded it from becoming mainstream: VLIW instruction sets are not backward compatible between implementations. When wider implementations (more execution units ) are built, the instruction set for the wider machines is not backward compatible with older, narrower implementations.
A wide-issue architecture is a computer processor that issues more than one instruction per clock cycle. [1] They can be considered in three broad types: Statically-scheduled superscalar architectures execute instructions in the order presented; the hardware logic determines which instructions are ready and safe to dispatch on each clock cycle.
The superscalar complexity in the case of modern x86 was solved by converting instructions into one or more micro-operations and dynamically issuing those micro-operations, i.e. indirect and dynamic superscalar execution; the Pentium Pro and AMD K5 are early examples of this. It allows a fairly simple superscalar design to be located after the ...
Pipelined processors and superscalar processors are common examples found in most modern SISD computers. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Instructions are sent to the control unit from the memory module and are decoded and sent to the processing unit which processes on the data retrieved from memory module and sends back to it.