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The solutions of this equation are called roots of the cubic function defined by the left-hand side of the equation. If all of the coefficients a , b , c , and d of the cubic equation are real numbers , then it has at least one real root (this is true for all odd-degree polynomial functions ).
There are conjectures about whether del Ferro worked on a solution to the cubic equation as a result of Luca Pacioli's short tenure at the University of Bologna in 1501–1502. Pacioli had previously declared in Summa de arithmetica that he believed a solution to the equation to be impossible, fueling wide interest in the mathematical community.
A solution in radicals or algebraic solution is an expression of a solution of a polynomial equation that is algebraic, that is, relies only on addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to integer powers, and extraction of n th roots (square roots, cube roots, etc.). A well-known example is the quadratic formula
Thus the critical points of a cubic function f defined by f(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d, occur at values of x such that the derivative + + = of the cubic function is zero. The solutions of this equation are the x-values of the critical points and are given, using the quadratic formula, by
Casus irreducibilis (from Latin 'the irreducible case') is the name given by mathematicians of the 16th century to cubic equations that cannot be solved in terms of real radicals, that is to those equations such that the computation of the solutions cannot be reduced to the computation of square and cube roots.
[36]: 43 He considered three binomial equations, nine trinomial equations, and seven tetranomial equations. [6]: 281 For the first and second degree polynomials, he provided numerical solutions by geometric construction. He concluded that there are fourteen different types of cubics that cannot be reduced to an equation of a lesser degree.
A counterexample by Ernst S. Selmer shows that the Hasse–Minkowski theorem cannot be extended to forms of degree 3: The cubic equation 3x 3 + 4y 3 + 5z 3 = 0 has a solution in real numbers, and in all p-adic fields, but it has no nontrivial solution in which x, y, and z are all rational numbers. [1]
Descartes theory of geometric solution of equations uses a parabola to introduce cubic equations, in this way it is possible to set up an equation whose solution is a cube root of two. Note that the parabola itself is not constructible except by three dimensional methods.