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Protein precipitation is widely used in downstream processing of biological products in order to concentrate proteins and purify them from various contaminants. For example, in the biotechnology industry protein precipitation is used to eliminate contaminants commonly contained in blood. [ 1 ]
Ammonium sulfate is an inorganic salt with a high solubility that disassociates into ammonium (NH + 4) and sulfate (SO 2− 4) in aqueous solutions. [1] Ammonium sulfate is especially useful as a precipitant because it is highly soluble, stabilizes protein structure, has a relatively low density, is readily available, and is relatively inexpensive.
Ammonium sulfate precipitation is a common method for protein purification by precipitation. As the ionic strength of a solution increases, the solubility of proteins in that solution decreases. Being extremely soluble in water, ammonium sulfate can "salt out" (precipitate) proteins from aqueous solutions.
Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or tungstophosphoric acid (TPA), is a heteropoly acid with the chemical formula H 3 P W 12 O 40]. It forms hydrates H 3 [PW 12 O 40]·nH 2 O. It is normally isolated as the n = 24 hydrate but can be desiccated to the hexahydrate (n = 6). [2] EPTA is the name of ethanolic phosphotungstic acid, its alcohol solution used ...
In molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule or micromolecule is a low molecular weight (≤ 1000 daltons [1]) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm [citation needed]. Many drugs are small molecules; the terms are equivalent in the literature.
The protein manufacturing cost remains high and there is a growing demand to develop cost efficient and rapid protein purification methods. Understanding of the different protein purification methods and optimizing the downstream processing are critical to minimize production costs while maintaining the quality of acceptable standards of homogeneity. [2]
Oxalate (systematic IUPAC name: ethanedioate) is an anion with the chemical formula C 2 O 2− 4. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na 2 C 2 O 4), and several esters such as dimethyl oxalate ((CH 3) 2 C 2 O 4). It is a conjugate base of oxalic acid.
Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate (filtrate). This separation process is used in industry and research for purifying and concentrating macromolecular (10 3 –10 6 Da) solutions, especially protein ...