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Vinogradov, I. M. (2003) [1954]. Elements of Number Theory (reprint of the 1954 ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Hardy and Wright's book is a comprehensive classic, though its clarity sometimes suffers due to the authors' insistence on elementary methods (Apostol 1981). Vinogradov's main attraction consists in its set of problems, which ...
Its authors have divided Elementary Number Theory, Group Theory and Ramanujan Graphs into four chapters. The first of these provides background in graph theory, including material on the girth of graphs (the length of the shortest cycle), on graph coloring, and on the use of the probabilistic method to prove the existence of graphs for which both the girth and the number of colors needed are ...
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1. The class number of a number field is the cardinality of the ideal class group of the field. 2. In group theory, the class number is the number of conjugacy classes of a group. 3. Class number is the number of equivalence classes of binary quadratic forms of a given discriminant. 4. The class number problem. conductor
Elementary number theory includes topics of number theory commonly taught at the primary and secondary school level, or in college courses on introductory number theory. Shortcut {{ MSC }}
In number theory, Fermat's little theorem states that if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, the number a p − a is an integer multiple of p. In the notation of modular arithmetic , this is expressed as a p ≡ a ( mod p ) . {\displaystyle a^{p}\equiv a{\pmod {p}}.}
Upload file; Special pages; Search. Search. Appearance. ... Download as PDF; Printable version ... Computational number theory is also known as algorithmic number ...
Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie (German pronunciation: [ˈfoːɐ̯ˌleːzʊŋən ˈyːbɐ ˈtsaːlənteoˌʁiː]; German for Lectures on Number Theory) is the name of several different textbooks of number theory. The best known was written by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Richard Dedekind, and published in 1863.