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Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome found inside mitochondria. These organelles, found in all eukaryotic cells, are the powerhouse of the cell. [1] The mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial DNA, are passed exclusively from mother to offspring through the egg cell.
In humans, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) forms closed circular molecules that contain 16,569 [4] [5] DNA base pairs, [6] with each such molecule normally containing a full set of the mitochondrial genes. Each human mitochondrion contains, on average, approximately 5 such mtDNA molecules, with the quantity ranging between 1 and 15. [ 6 ]
In general, mitochondrial DNA lacks introns, as is the case in the human mitochondrial genome; [144] however, introns have been observed in some eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA, [146] such as that of yeast [147] and protists, [148] including Dictyostelium discoideum. [149] Between protein-coding regions, tRNAs are present.
While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes. [1] When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation.
Haplogroup E is found throughout Maritime Southeast Asia. [4] It is nearly absent from mainland East Asia, where its sister group M9a (also found in Japan) is common. [4] [6] In particular, it is found among speakers of Austronesian languages, and it is rare even in Southeast Asia among speakers of other language families.
Genes on human mitochondrial DNA. Pages in category "Human mitochondrial genes" The following 38 pages are in this category, out of 38 total.
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [1] and subsequent published research. B'R11'R24. B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines B4
Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. A mtDNA-based map of major human migrations. Haplogroup X diverged from haplogroup N roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum).