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is the temperature (in kelvins), R {\displaystyle R} is the resistance at T {\displaystyle T} (in ohms), A {\displaystyle A} , B {\displaystyle B} , and C {\displaystyle C} are the Steinhart–Hart coefficients , which are characteristics specific to the bulk semiconductor material over a given temperature range of interest.
(room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) calculated from single crystal values 56.2 LNG (10 −8 Ωm) 56.2 WEL (10 −8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 55 22 Ti titanium;
The typical operating temperature range of a thermistor is −55 °C to +150 °C, though some glass-body thermistors have a maximal operating temperature of +300 °C. Thermistors differ from resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) in that the material used in a thermistor is generally a ceramic or polymer, while RTDs use pure metals.
For example, a 10 ohm resistor connected in parallel with a 5 ohm resistor and a 15 ohm resistor produces 1 / 1/10 + 1/5 + 1/15 ohms of resistance, or 30 / 11 = 2.727 ohms. A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series connections can be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other.
The effective temperature coefficient varies with temperature and purity level of the material. The 20 °C value is only an approximation when used at other temperatures. For example, the coefficient becomes lower at higher temperatures for copper, and the value 0.00427 is commonly specified at 0 °C. [53]
is the temperature gradient (K·m −1) across the sample, A {\displaystyle A} is the cross-sectional area (m 2 ) perpendicular to the path of heat flow through the sample, Δ T {\displaystyle \Delta T} is the temperature difference ( K ) across the sample,
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The result is a reasonable tolerance (0.5%, 1%, or 2%) and a temperature coefficient that is generally between 50 and 100 ppm/K. [9] Metal film resistors possess good noise characteristics and low non-linearity due to a low voltage coefficient. They are also beneficial due to long-term stability.