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In addition to the microscopic kinetic energies of its molecules, the internal energy of a body includes chemical energy belonging to distinct molecules, and the global joint potential energy involved in the interactions between molecules and suchlike. [6] Thermal energy may be viewed as contributing to internal energy or to enthalpy.
The flow of heat is a form of energy transfer. Heat transfer is the natural process of moving energy to or from a system, other than by work or the transfer of matter. In a diathermal system, the internal energy can only be changed by the transfer of energy as heat: =.
Transfers of energy as work, or as heat, or of matter, between the system and the surroundings, take place through the walls, according to their respective permeabilities. Matter or energy that pass across the boundary so as to effect a change in the internal energy of the system need to be accounted for in the energy balance equation.
In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings by modes other than thermodynamic work and transfer of matter. Such modes are microscopic, mainly thermal conduction, radiation, and friction, as distinct from the macroscopic modes, thermodynamic work and transfer of matter. [1]
According to energy conservation and energy being a state function that does not change over a full cycle, the work from a heat engine over a full cycle is equal to the net heat, i.e. the sum of the heat put into the system at high temperature, q H > 0, and the waste heat given off at the low temperature, q C < 0. [93]
The macroscopic energy equation for infinitesimal volume used in heat transfer analysis is [6] = +, ˙, where q is heat flux vector, −ρc p (∂T/∂t) is temporal change of internal energy (ρ is density, c p is specific heat capacity at constant pressure, T is temperature and t is time), and ˙ is the energy conversion to and from thermal ...