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Chlamydia is known as the "silent epidemic", as at least 70% of genital C. trachomatis infections in women (and 50% in men) are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis, [15] and can linger for months or years before being discovered.
Chlamydia trachomatis (/ k l ə ˈ m ɪ d i ə t r ə ˈ k oʊ m ə t ɪ s /) is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium responsible for chlamydia and trachoma. C. trachomatis exists in two forms, an extracellular infectious elementary body (EB) and an intracellular non-infectious reticulate body (RB). [ 2 ]
Untreated PID can result in long-term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer. [2] [3] [4] The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and cervix. [5] It has been reported that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases. [2]
In 2015, STIs other than HIV resulted in 108,000 deaths worldwide. [4] Globally, in 2015, about 1.1 billion people had STIs other than HIV/AIDS. [3] About 500 million have either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis. [1] At least an additional 530 million have genital herpes, and 290 million women have human papillomavirus. [1]
Approximately one in fourteen untreated Chlamydia infections will result in salpingitis. [5]Over one million cases of acute salpingitis are reported every year in the US, but the number of incidents is probably larger, due to incomplete and untimely reporting methods and that many cases are reported first when the illness has gone so far that it has developed chronic complications.
Studies have found co-infection with chlamydia ranging from 46 to 54% in young people with gonorrhea. [44] [45] Among persons in the United States between 14 and 39 years of age, 46% of people with gonorrheal infection also have chlamydial infection. [46] For this reason, gonorrhea and chlamydia testing are often combined.
Trachoma is an infectious disease caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. [2] The infection causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids. [2] This roughening can lead to pain in the eyes, breakdown of the outer surface or cornea of the eyes, and eventual blindness. [2]
Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome occurs almost exclusively in women, though it can be seen in males rarely. [5] It is complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Chlamydia) or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) though other bacteria such as Bacteroides, Gardnerella, E. coli and Streptococcus have also been found to cause Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome on occasion. [6]