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In Sub-Saharan African cultures, call and response is a pervasive pattern of democratic participation—in public gatherings in the discussion of civic affairs, in religious rituals, as well as in vocal and instrumental musical expression. Most of the call and response practices found in modern culture originated in Sub-Saharan Africa. [3]
The call and response format became a diasporic tradition, and it was part of Africans and African Americans creating a new, unique tradition in the United States. [ 3 ] While slave masters encouraged conversion of slaves to Christianity, African slaves still practiced their own form of religious celebration, which was called Slave Christianity .
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The call was recorded in England in the beginning of the 19th century in connection with making a toast. [8] Eighteenth century dictionaries list "Hip" as an attention-getting interjection, and in an example from 1790 it is repeated. [9] "Hip-hip" was added as a preparatory call before making a toast or cheer in the early 19th century, probably ...
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Active student response (ASR) techniques are strategies to elicit observable responses from students in a classroom. They are grounded in the field of behavioralism and operate by increasing opportunities reinforcement during class time, typically in the form of instructor praise. [ 1 ]
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The Student Academy Awards may not be as glitzy or high profile as the Oscars, but in its 50 years it has proven to be a vital launching ground for emerging filmmakers. Inclusion and access may ...