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Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced / ˈ k oʊ. æ k s /), is a type of electrical cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a concentric conducting shield, with the two separated by a dielectric (insulating material); many coaxial cables also have a protective outer sheath or jacket.
Differential signalling is a method for electrically transmitting information using two complementary signals. The technique sends the same electrical signal as a differential pair of signals, each in its own conductor. The pair of conductors can be wires in a twisted-pair or ribbon cable or traces on a printed circuit board.
The circuit shown in the bottom diagram only can model the differential mode. In the top circuit, the voltage doublers, the difference amplifiers, and impedances Z o (s) account for the interaction of the transmission line with the external circuit. This circuit is a useful equivalent for an unbalanced transmission line like a coaxial cable.
Because the characteristic impedance of each transmission line segment , is often different from the impedance of the fourth, input cable (only shown as an arrow marked on the left side of the diagram above), the impedance transformation circle is off-centred along the axis of the Smith Chart whose impedance representation is usually normalized ...
The line is modeled by a series of differential segments with differential series elements ( , ) and shunt elements ( , ) (as shown in the figure at the beginning of the article). The characteristic impedance is defined as the ratio of the input voltage to the input current of a semi-infinite length of line.
These form a common-mode choke which inhibits unbalanced current flow, without affecting the differential signal. Coaxial cables used at radio frequencies may be wound several times through a ferrite core to add a useful amount of common-mode inductance. This limits the flow of unwanted high-frequency common-mode current along the cable shield.
In geometry, coaxial means that several three-dimensional linear or planar forms share a common axis. The two-dimensional analog is concentric. Common examples: A coaxial cable has a wire conductor in the centre (D), a circumferential outer conductor (B), and an insulating medium called the dielectric (C) separating these two conductors. The ...
DC power transmission through a coaxial cable showing relative strength of electric and magnetic fields and resulting Poynting vector (=) at a radius r from the center of the coaxial cable. The broken magenta line shows the cumulative power transmission within radius r , half of which flows inside the geometric mean of R 1 and R 2 .