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Cosequin comes in formulas specific for cats, dogs and horses. [2] According to the manufacturer Cosequin may be useful for pets with osteoarthritis (OA), but the efficacy is disputed. [3] Glucosamine is used in equine medicine, but little evidence indicates that it has any value in the treatment of joint disease in horses. [4]
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG), sold under the brand name Adequan, is an injectable drug for dogs and horses that is used to alleviate the limpness, pain, and lowered range of motion caused by arthritis. [2]
Glucosamine is often sold in combination with other supplements such as chondroitin sulfate and methylsulfonylmethane. [citation needed] Glucosamine, along with commonly used chondroitin, is not routinely prescribed to treat people who have symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee, as there is insufficient evidence that this treatment is helpful ...
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are nutraceuticals that can also be added into the diet to help treat osteoarthritis caused by hip dysplasia. Both nutraceuticals help with improvement of cartilage, joint health and repairing of tissues. A glucosamine-based nutritional supplement may give the body additional raw materials used in joint repair.
Chemical structure of one unit in a chondroitin sulfate chain. Chondroitin-4-sulfate: R 1 = H; R 2 = SO 3 H; R 3 = H. Chondroitin-6-sulfate: R 1 = SO 3 H; R 2, R 3 = H.. Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) [1] composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid).
Distinguished from chondroitin sulfate by the presence of iduronic acid, although some hexuronic acid monosaccharides may be glucuronic acid. [16] Keratan sulfate: Gal or Gal(6S) GlcNAc or GlcNAc(6S)-Gal(6S)β1-4GlcNAc(6S)β1-3: Keratan sulfate type II may be fucosylated. [21] Heparin: GlcUA or IdoUA(2S) GlcNAc or GlcNS or GlcNAc(6S) or GlcNS(6S)