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A giant star has a substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature. [1] They lie above the main sequence (luminosity class V in the Yerkes spectral classification) on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III. [2]
Widely recognised as being among the largest known stars, [21] radius decreased to ~500 R ☉ during the 2020 great dimming event. [75] R Horologii: 630 [60] L/T eff: A red giant star with one of the largest ranges in brightness known of stars in the night sky visible to the unaided eye. Despite its large radius, it is less massive than the Sun.
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One region contained larger and more luminous stars of spectral types A to M and received the name giant. [1] Subsequently, as they lacked any measurable parallax, it became apparent that some of these stars were significantly larger and more luminous than the bulk, and the term super-giant arose, quickly adopted as supergiant. [2] [3] [4]
The actual limit-point mass depends on how opaque the gas in the star is, and metal-rich Population I stars have lower mass limits than metal-poor Population II stars. Before their demise, the hypothetical metal-free Population III stars would have had the highest allowed mass, somewhere around 300 M ☉ .
Stars with masses of 1.5 – 2.0 M ☉ will experience enough dredge-ups to become carbon stars, but they will be large events and the star will usually skip straight past the crucial C/O ratio near 1 without becoming an S-type star. More massive stars reach equal levels of carbon and oxygen gradually during several small dredge-ups.
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The nearest white giant. Capella A 42.919 ± 0.049 [9] G8III [9] 11.98 ± 0.57 [9] 2.569 ± 0.007 [9] 0.03 [10] The nearest yellow giant, together with Capella A. With a magnitude of 0.08, [11] the Capella star system is the 6th-brightest star in the night sky. Capella B G0III [9] 8.83 ± 0.33 [9] 2.483 ± 0.007 [9] 0.16 [10] The nearest yellow ...