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Mudskippers can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) long, and most are a brownish green colour that ranges anywhere from dark to light. During mating seasons, the males will also develop brightly coloured spots in order to attract females, which can be red, green or blue. Unlike other fish, the mudskipper's eyes protrude from the top of its flat head.
Like other mudskippers, the giant mudskipper can breathe air. To do so, it will gulp air, which allows oxygen to easily diffuse into its bloodstream because of its highly vascularized buccal surfaces. While gulping air, it may also move its operculum while submerged to trap water within the gills. [17]
Mudskippers are found in mangrove swamps in Africa and the Indo-Pacific; they frequently come onto land, and can survive in air for up to 3-1/2 days. [5] Mudskippers breathe through their skin and through the lining of the mouth (the mucosa) and throat (the pharynx). This requires the mudskipper to be wet, limiting them to humid habitats.
It also has an "accessory air-breathing organ" on its dorsal area, allowing it to live on dry land for up to six days. They are even thought to hibernate in mud and wait for water to return.
Burrows may contain a pocket of air which the Atlantic mudskipper can breathe from, despite there being low oxygen availability. [4] The Atlantic mudskipper is generally able to tolerate high concentrations of toxic substances produced by industrial waste , including cyanide and ammonia , in the surrounding environments. [ 20 ]
Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, commonly known as the great blue spotted mudskipper, is a species of mudskipper native to the north-western Pacific Ocean. It can be found on the coastlines of Japan , eastern China , Sumatra , Malaysia , Taiwan and the Korean Peninsula .
Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended time periods. Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly.
The common mudskipper (Periophthalmus kalolo) is a species of mudskipper native to marine and brackish waters of the Indo-Pacific from eastern Africa to Samoa. This species can be found in mangrove forests where it spends most of its time out of the water. This species can reach a length of 14.1 centimetres (5.6 in) SL. [1]