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Reduction of order (or d’Alembert reduction) is a technique in mathematics for solving second-order linear ordinary differential equations. It is employed when one solution is known and a second linearly independent solution is desired. The method also applies to n -th order equations. In this case the ansatz will yield an (n −1)-th order ...
t. e. In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with other DE, its unknown (s) consists of one (or more) function (s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. [1]
In particular, Nyström methods work directly with second-order equations. geometric integration methods [18] [19] are especially designed for special classes of ODEs (for example, symplectic integrators for the solution of Hamiltonian equations). They take care that the numerical solution respects the underlying structure or geometry of these ...
In mathematics, Abel's identity (also called Abel's formula[1] or Abel's differential equation identity) is an equation that expresses the Wronskian of two solutions of a homogeneous second-order linear ordinary differential equation in terms of a coefficient of the original differential equation. The relation can be generalised to n th-order ...
Implicit differentiation of the exact second-order equation times will yield an (+) th-order differential equation with new conditions for exactness that can be readily deduced from the form of the equation produced. For example, differentiating the above second-order differential equation once to yield a third-order exact equation gives the ...
Tensor contraction. In multilinear algebra, a tensor contraction is an operation on a tensor that arises from the canonical pairing of a vector space and its dual. In components, it is expressed as a sum of products of scalar components of the tensor (s) caused by applying the summation convention to a pair of dummy indices that are bound to ...
An example of a G -structure is an almost complex structure, that is, a reduction of a structure group of an even-dimensional manifold to GL (n, C). Such a reduction is uniquely determined by a C∞ -linear endomorphism J ∈ End (TM) such that J2 = −1. In this situation, the torsion can be computed explicitly as follows.
In mathematics, a hyperbolic partial differential equation of order is a partial differential equation (PDE) that, roughly speaking, has a well-posed initial value problem for the first derivatives. [citation needed] More precisely, the Cauchy problem can be locally solved for arbitrary initial data along any non-characteristic hypersurface.