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The four-dimension universe lies on one of the branes. The collision corresponds to the Big Crunch, then a Big Bang. The matter and radiation around us today are quantum fluctuations from before the branes. After several billion years, the universe has reached its modern state, and it will start contracting in another several billion years.
In the 1970s, the future of an expanding universe was studied by the astrophysicist Jamal Islam [12] and the physicist Freeman Dyson. [13] Then, in their 1999 book The Five Ages of the Universe, the astrophysicists Fred Adams and Gregory Laughlin divided the past and future history of an expanding universe into five eras.
The estimated time for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if the hypothesized proton half-life takes its smallest possible value (8.2 × 10 33 years). [146] [note 4] 10 36 –10 38 (1–100 undecillion) The estimated time for all remaining planets and stellar-mass objects, including the Sun, to disintegrate if proton decay can ...
The thin disk of our galaxy began to form when the universe was about 5 billion years old or 9 ± 2 Gya. [15] The Solar System formed at about 9.2 billion years (4.6 Gya), [5]: 22.2.3 with the earliest evidence of life on Earth emerging by about 10 billion years (3.8 Gya).
However, only a portion of the universe would be destroyed by the Big Slurp while most of the universe would still be unaffected because galaxies located further than 4,200 megaparsecs (13 billion light-years) away from each other are moving away from each other faster than the speed of light while the Big Slurp itself cannot expand faster than ...
For timelines of the future of the universe, see: Timeline of the Big Bang; Future of an expanding universe; Timeline of the far future
In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future, until distances between particles will infinitely increase.
The timeline of the Universe lists events from its creation to its ultimate final state. For a timeline of the universe from the present to its presumed conclusion, see: Timeline of the far future; Chronology of the universe; Timeline of the universe