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A database shard, or simply a shard, is a horizontal partition of data in a database or search engine. Each shard may be held on a separate database server instance, to spread load. Some data in a database remains present in all shards, [a] but some appears only in a single shard. Each shard acts as the single source for this subset of data. [1]
Some of the NewSQL databases like Citus and Vitess have fundamentally different architectures, but were cited as examples of NewSQL by Matthew Aslett who coined the term. [11] In essence, distributed SQL databases are built from the ground-up and NewSQL databases include replication and sharding technologies added to existing client-server ...
MySQL Cluster is designed around a distributed, multi-master ACID compliant architecture with no single point of failure.MySQL Cluster uses automatic sharding (partitioning) to scale out read and write operations on commodity hardware and can be accessed via SQL and Non-SQL (NoSQL) APIs.
There are 3 main architecture types for distributed databases: Shared-memory: very rarely used [6] Shared-disk; Shared-nothing; In the shared-memory and shared-disk architectures, the data is not partitioned, but it has to be in a shared-nothing architecture. Shared-disk architecture is more common for cloud databases than for on-premise. [6]
Database partitioning emerged in the 1980s with systems like Teradata and NonStop SQL. The approach was later adopted by NoSQL databases and Hadoop -based data warehouses. While implementations vary between transactional and analytical workloads, the core principles of partitioning remain consistent across both use cases.
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
For example, Base One describes a database-centric distributed computing architecture for grid and cluster computing, and explains how this design provides enhanced security, fault-tolerance, and scalability. [4] an overall enterprise architecture that favors shared data models [5] over allowing each application to have its own, idiosyncratic ...
Title Authors ----- ----- SQL Examples and Guide 4 The Joy of SQL 1 An Introduction to SQL 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only exists in the Book table, one could re-write the query above in the following form: