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A Cephalon-founded study in which patients were administered modafinil, methylphenidate, and a placebo found that modafinil produces "psychoactive and euphoric effects and feelings consistent with [methylphenidate]." [12] Like modafinil, armodafinil is an inhibitor and/or inducer of certain cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Modafinil is generally well-tolerated but can have potential risks and side effects. Common adverse effects of modafinil, experienced by less than 10% of users, include headaches, nausea, and reduced appetite. [93] [94] [20] Anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, diarrhea, and rhinitis are also reported in 5% to 10% of users. [20]
[1] [8] [9] [10] Eugeroics, in the sense of modafinil-type wakefulness promoting agents, include modafinil itself, armodafinil, and adrafinil, among others. [9] They are medically indicated for the treatment of certain sleep disorders, including excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Chemical structure of modafinil.. This page lists chemical compounds similar to modafinil, known as modafinil analogues and derivatives.These are structural analogues and derivatives of modafinil, a drug that affects dopamine levels in the brain in an unusual way (atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor or DRI).
Provigil is a combination of R and S isomers of modafinil. Nuvigil uses only the R isomer, with the hope that it will have longer lasting effects in the body. However, Cephalon states that it has no comparative test data on Nuvigil and Provigil, either on efficacy or patient tolerance. Both substances carry a risk of dependency and producing mania.
DRIs may be divisible into two different types with different effects: (1) typical or conventional DRIs like cocaine, WIN-35428 (β-CFT), and methylphenidate that produce potent psychostimulant, euphoric, and reinforcing effects; and (2) atypical DRIs like vanoxerine (GBR-12909), modafinil, benztropine, and bupropion, which do not produce such effects or have greatly reduced such effects. [11]
Adrafinil is a prodrug; it is primarily metabolized in vivo to modafinil, resulting in very similar pharmacological effects. [6] Unlike modafinil, however, it takes time for the metabolite to accumulate to active levels in the bloodstream. Effects usually are apparent within 45–60 minutes when taken orally on an empty stomach. [citation needed]
There are many supposed nootropics, most having only small effect sizes in healthy individuals. The most common pharmacological agents in neuroenhancement include modafinil and methylphenidate (Ritalin). Stimulants in general and various dementia treatments [10] or other neurological therapies [11] may affect cognition. Neuroenhancement may ...