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In statistics, an optimality criterion [1] provides a measure of the fit of the data to a given hypothesis, to aid in model selection.A model is designated as the "best" of the candidate models if it gives the best value of an objective function measuring the degree of satisfaction of the criterion used to evaluate the alternative hypotheses.
Mathematically, shape optimization can be posed as the problem of finding a bounded set, minimizing a functional (),possibly subject to a constraint of the form =Usually we are interested in sets which are Lipschitz or C 1 boundary and consist of finitely many components, which is a way of saying that we would like to find a rather pleasing shape as a solution, not some jumble of rough bits ...
Topology optimization has a wide range of applications in aerospace, mechanical, bio-chemical and civil engineering. Currently, engineers mostly use topology optimization at the concept level of a design process. Due to the free forms that naturally occur, the result is often difficult to manufacture.
The resulting value can be compared with a chi-square distribution to determine the goodness of fit. The chi-square distribution has ( k − c ) degrees of freedom , where k is the number of non-empty bins and c is the number of estimated parameters (including location and scale parameters and shape parameters) for the distribution plus one.
Curve fitting [1] [2] is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, [3] possibly subject to constraints. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Curve fitting can involve either interpolation , [ 6 ] [ 7 ] where an exact fit to the data is required, or smoothing , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] in which a "smooth ...
It is customary to transform data logarithmically to fit symmetrical distributions (like the normal and logistic) to data obeying a distribution that is positively skewed (i.e. skew to the right, with mean > mode, and with a right hand tail that is longer than the left hand tail), see lognormal distribution and the loglogistic distribution. A ...
The finest topology on X is the discrete topology; this topology makes all subsets open. The coarsest topology on X is the trivial topology; this topology only admits the empty set and the whole space as open sets. In function spaces and spaces of measures there are often a number of possible topologies.
The archetypical example of a filter is the neighborhood filter at a point in a topological space (,), which is the family of sets consisting of all neighborhoods of . By definition, a neighborhood of some given point is any subset whose topological interior contains this point; that is, such that . Importantly, neighborhoods are not required to be open sets; those are called open ...