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Leonhard Euler proved the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function in his thesis Variae observationes circa series infinitas (Various Observations about Infinite Series), published by St Petersburg Academy in 1737. [1] [2]
Since for even values of s the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) has an analytic expression in terms of a rational multiple of π s, then for even exponents, this infinite product evaluates to a rational number. For example, since ζ(2) = π 2 / 6 , ζ(4) = π 4 / 90 , and ζ(8) = π 8 / 9450 , then
The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) plotted with domain coloring. [1] The pole at = and two zeros on the critical line.. The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function, denoted by the Greek letter ζ (), is a mathematical function of a complex variable defined as () = = = + + + for >, and its analytic continuation elsewhere.
The zeta function values listed below include function values at the negative even numbers (s = −2, −4, etc.), for which ζ(s) = 0 and which make up the so-called trivial zeros. The Riemann zeta function article includes a colour plot illustrating how the function varies over a continuous rectangular region of the complex plane.
As the Riemann zeta function is a sum of inverse powers over the integers and the prime zeta function a sum of inverse powers of the prime numbers, the -primes (the integers which are a product of not necessarily distinct primes) define a sort of intermediate sums:
In doing so, he discovered a connection between Riemann zeta function and prime numbers, known as the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function. Euler proved Newton's identities, Fermat's little theorem, Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares, and made distinct contributions to the Lagrange's four-square theorem.
Analogously to the Riemann zeta function, the values of the Dedekind zeta function at integers encode (at least conjecturally) important arithmetic data of the field K. For example, the analytic class number formula relates the residue at s = 1 to the class number h ( K ) of K , the regulator R ( K ) of K , the number w ( K ) of roots of unity ...
In it, broad generalisations of the Riemann zeta function and the L-series for a Dirichlet character are constructed, and their general properties, in most cases still out of reach of proof, are set out in a systematic way. Because of the Euler product formula there is a deep connection between L-functions and the theory of prime numbers.