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The biparietal (9.5 cm), the greatest transverse diameter of the head, which extends from one parietal boss to the other. The bitemporal (8.0 cm), the greatest distance between the two temporal sutures. The occipitomental (12.5 cm), from the chin to the most prominent portion of the occiput
Relationship of presenting part to maternal pelvis based on presentation. The fetus enters the pelvis in the occipito-transverse plane (left or right), descent, and flexion and then rotates 90 degrees to the occipitoanterior (most commonly). Cephalic presentation. Vertex presentation with longitudinal lie: [1]
Is: Supra-umbilical incision Im: Median incision IM: Maylard incision IP: Pfannenstiel incision. A lower (uterine) segment caesarean section (LSCS) is the most commonly used type of caesarean section. [1] Most commonly, a baby is delivered by making a transverse incision in the lower uterine segment, above the attachment of the urinary bladder ...
Pfannenstiel incision, Kerr incision, or Pfannenstiel-Kerr [2] incision is the lower transverse incision made in the lower segment of uterus below the umbilicus and just above the pubic symphysis. [3] [4] It is commonly used in Caesarian section [5] and for abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease.
A Pfannenstiel incision for a caesarian section closed with surgical staples.The superior aspect of mons pubis and pubic hair are seen at bottom of the image.. A Pfannenstiel incision / ˈ f ɑː n ɪ n ʃ t iː l /, Kerr incision, Pfannenstiel-Kerr incision [1] or pubic incision is a type of abdominal surgical incision that allows access to the abdomen.
A midline incision may be preferred as well when the fetus lies transversely across the patient's uterus or if the placenta lies in the area where the low transverse incision is made. In practice, however, the midline incision is rarely used. [3] Other hysterotomy incisions include a high transverse incision and a fundal incision. [2]
In obstetrics, a cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a situation at childbirth where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis first; the most common form of cephalic presentation is the vertex presentation, where the occiput is the leading part (the part that first enters the birth canal). [1]
The risk of severe tear is greatly increased if the fetal head is oriented occiput posterior (face forward), if the mother has not given birth before or if the fetus is large. [8] A surgical incision on the perineum skin called an episiotomy was historically used routinely in order to reduce perineal tears. [9]