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  2. Shell integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_integration

    The shell method goes as follows: Consider a volume in three dimensions obtained by rotating a cross-section in the xy-plane around the y-axis. Suppose the cross-section is defined by the graph of the positive function f(x) on the interval [a, b]. Then the formula for the volume will be:

  3. Solid of revolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_of_revolution

    Two common methods for finding the volume of a solid of revolution are the disc method and the shell method of integration.To apply these methods, it is easiest to draw the graph in question; identify the area that is to be revolved about the axis of revolution; determine the volume of either a disc-shaped slice of the solid, with thickness δx, or a cylindrical shell of width δx; and then ...

  4. Nuclear shell model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model

    The "shells" of the shell model are then no longer identical to the levels denoted by n, and the magic numbers are changed. We may then suppose that the highest j states for n = 3 have an intermediate energy between the average energies of n = 2 and n = 3, and suppose that the highest j states for larger n (at least up to n = 7) have an energy ...

  5. High-explosive anti-tank - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank

    Weapons using the SEFOP principle have already been used in combat; the smart submunitions in the CBU-97 cluster bomb used by the US Air Force and US Navy in the 2003 Iraq war used this principle, and the US Army is reportedly experimenting with precision-guided artillery shells under Project SADARM (Seek And Destroy Armor). There are also ...

  6. Shell Method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/?title=Shell_Method&redirect=no

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  7. Nilsson model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilsson_model

    For an axially symmetric shape with the axis of symmetry being the z axis, the Hamiltonian is = + (+) ( ). Here m is the mass of the nucleon, N is the total number of harmonic oscillator quanta in the spherical basis, is the orbital angular momentum operator, is its square (with eigenvalues (+)), = (/) (+) is the average value of over the N shell, and s is the intrinsic spin.

  8. Auger effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_effect

    The final atomic state thus has two holes, one in the 2s orbital and the other in the 2p orbital. (b) illustrates the same process using X-ray notation , KL 1 L 2,3 . The Auger effect ( / oʊ ˈ ʒ eɪ / ; French pronunciation: [ˈ/o.ʒe/] ) or Auger−Meitner effect is a physical phenomenon in which atoms eject electrons .

  9. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray...

    At rest, an atom within the sample contains ground state (or unexcited) electrons in discrete energy levels or electron shells bound to the nucleus. The incident beam may excite an electron in an inner shell, ejecting it from the shell while creating an electron hole where the electron was. An electron from an outer, higher-energy shell then ...