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Kraft pulp is darker than other wood pulps, but it can be bleached to make very white pulp. Fully bleached kraft pulp is used to make high-quality paper where strength, whiteness, and resistance to yellowing are important. The kraft process can use a wider range of fiber sources than most other pulping processes.
Mardi Gras papier-mâché masks, Haiti. Papier-mâché (UK: / ˌ p æ p i eɪ ˈ m æ ʃ eɪ / PAP-ee-ay MASH-ay, US: / ˌ p eɪ p ər m ə ˈ ʃ eɪ / PAY-pər mə-SHAY, French: [papje mɑʃe] - the French term "mâché" here means "crushed and ground" [1]) is a versatile craft technique with roots in ancient China, in which waste paper is shredded and mixed with water and a binder to produce ...
Paper Coating 1) The paper or board 2) The first layer of coating to even out the surface 3) A second layer for an even smoother and whiter surface. Pigments that absorb in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum can be added. As the dye absorbs light, the brightness of the paper will decrease, unlike the effect of an optical ...
Muslims invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper. This innovation helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry. [9] [8] The earliest use of water-powered mills in paper production, specifically the use of pulp mills for preparing the pulp for papermaking, dates back to Samarkand in the 8th century. [10]
A book printed in 1920 on acidic paper, having visibly disintegrated. In the mid-nineteenth century, a method of paper production became popular in which resin-alum glue was added to the paper pulp, [3] and the aluminum sulphate remaining in the paper, in reaction with water, forms acids.
Litmus paper after being used. The main use of litmus is to test whether a solution is acidic or basic, as blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions, and red litmus paper turns blue under basic or alkaline conditions, with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5–8.3 at 25 °C (77 °F). Neutral litmus paper is purple. [2]
The use of wood to make pulp for paper began with the development of mechanical pulping in the 1840s by Charles Fenerty in Nova Scotia [1] and by F. G. Keller [2] in Germany. Chemical processes quickly followed, first with Julius Roth 's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood in 1857, followed by Benjamin Chew Tilghman 's US patent on the use of ...
James Whatman (1702–1759) James Whatman (1702–1759), the Elder, was a paper maker, born in Kent, who made revolutionary advances to the craft in England.He is noted as the inventor of wove paper (or Vélin), an innovation used for high-quality art and printing.