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The discussion in this section explains an economic theory behind optimal transfer pricing with optimal defined as transfer pricing that maximizes overall firm profits in a non-realistic world with no taxes, no capital risk, no development risk, no externalities or any other frictions which exist in the real world.
The Fund Transfer Pricing (FTP) measures the contribution by each source of funding to the overall profitability in a financial institution. [1] Funds that go toward lending products are charged to asset-generating businesses whereas funds generated by deposit and other funding products are credited to liability-generating businesses.
The transactional net margin method (TNMM) in transfer pricing compares the net profit margin of a taxpayer arising from a non-arm's length transaction with the net profit margins realized by arm's length parties from similar transactions; and examines the net profit margin relative to an appropriate base such as costs, sales or assets.
In 2015, the G20 supported the transfer pricing recommendations, which aims to guide governments on how profits of multinational companies should be divided among individual countries. Furthermore, the G20 is involved in developing a global tax framework.
The JTPF was formally established by Commission Decision 2007/75/EC, [5] setting up an expert group on transfer pricing, which —after two updates— [4] [3] expired on 31 March 2019. The business (non-government) members of the forum (as of 6 Oct 2013) comprised 16 people. [ 6 ]
Whereas appropriate transfer pricing of tangible goods can be established by comparison with prices charged for similar goods to unrelated parties, transfer pricing of intangible goods, products of intellectual efforts, rarely has comparable equivalents. Transfer prices then have to be established based on expectations of future income. [16]
An advance pricing agreement (APA) is an ahead-of-time agreement between a taxpayer and a tax authority on an appropriate transfer pricing methodology (TPM) for a set of transactions at issue over a fixed period of time [1] (called "Covered Transactions").
Asymmetric price transmission (sometimes abbreviated as APT and informally called "rockets and feathers" , also known as asymmetric cost pass-through) refers to pricing phenomenon occurring when downstream prices react in a different manner to upstream price changes, depending on the characteristics of upstream prices or changes in those prices.