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The SHARON (Single reactor system for High activity Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite) wastewater treatment process is a combination of two already used nitrogen removing reactions. One process utilizes fast growing nitrifiers utilizing nitrification of ammonia to nitrite and Anammox which is the denitrification of nitrite to atmospheric nitrogen ...
Since denitrification can remove NO 3 −, reducing its leaching to groundwater, it can be strategically used to treat sewage or animal residues of high nitrogen content. Denitrification can leak N 2 O, which is an ozone-depleting substance and a greenhouse gas that can have a considerable influence on global warming.
The remaining half of the ammonium and the newly formed nitrite are converted in the anammox process to diatomic nitrogen gas and ~15 % nitrate (not shown) by anammox bacteria: NH + 4 + NO − 2 → N 2 + 2 H 2 O. Both processes can take place in 1 reactor where two guilds of bacteria form compact granules. [64] [65]
The reaction can be further divided into different half reactions each requiring a specific enzyme. The transformation from nitrate to nitrite is performed by nitrate reductase (Nar) NO 3 − + 2 H + + 2 e − → NO 2 − + H 2 O. Nitrite reductase (Nir) then converts nitrite into nitric oxide 2 NO 2 − + 4 H + + 2 e − → 2 NO + 2 H 2 O
The disadvantages of gas nitriding are: Reaction kinetics heavily influenced by surface condition – an oily surface or one contaminated with cutting fluids will deliver poor results; Surface activation is sometimes required to treat steels with a high chromium content – compare sputtering during plasma nitriding
Potential benefits of using dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium for individual organisms may include the following: [18] Detoxification of accumulated nitrite: if an enzyme uses nitrate as an electron acceptor and produces nitrite, it can result in high levels of intracellular nitrite concentrations that can be toxic to the cell. [18]
[12] [13] Complete nitrification, the conversion of ammonia to nitrate in a single step known as comammox, has an energy yield (∆G°′) of −349 kJ mol −1 NH 3, while the energy yields for the ammonia-oxidation and nitrite-oxidation steps of the observed two-step reaction are −275 kJ mol −1 NH 3, and −74 kJ mol −1 NO 2 − ...
The gas used for plasma nitriding is usually pure nitrogen since no spontaneous decomposition is needed (as is the case of gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing with ammonia). Due to the relatively low-temperature range (420 °C (788 °F) to 580 °C (1,076 °F)) generally applied during plasma-assisted ferritic nitrocarburizing and gentle cooling ...