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Dolphins have the highest brain-to-body weight ratio of all cetaceans. [11] Monitor lizards, tegus and anoles and some tortoise species have the largest among reptiles. [citation needed] Among birds, the highest brain-to-body ratios are found among parrots, crows, magpies, jays and ravens. Among amphibians, the studies are still limited.
Cephalopods have large, well-developed brains, [8] [9] [10] and their brain-to-body mass ratio is the largest among the invertebrates, falling between that of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates. [11] The nervous system of cephalopods is the most complex of all invertebrates.
Manta rays have the highest EQ among fish, [35] and either octopuses [21] or jumping spiders [36] have the highest among invertebrates. Despite the jumping spider having a huge brain for its size, it is minuscule in absolute terms, and humans have a much higher EQ despite having a lower raw brain-to-body weight ratio.
Octopuses (along with cuttlefish) have the highest brain-to-body mass ratios of all invertebrates; [48] this is greater than that of many vertebrates. [49] Octopuses have the same jumping genes that are active in the human brain, implying an evolutionary convergence at molecular level. [50]
An elephant's brain weighs just over 5 kg (11 lb), a bottlenose dolphin's 1.5 to 1.7 kg (3.3 to 3.7 lb), whereas a human brain is around 1.3 to 1.5 kg (2.9 to 3.3 lb). Brain size tends to vary according to body size. The relationship is not proportional, though: the brain-to-body mass ratio varies. The largest ratio found is in the shrew. [57]
Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of brain to body mass may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks. [2] Allometric analysis indicates that in general, mammalian brain size scales at approximately the 2 ⁄ 3 or 3 ⁄ 4 exponent of body mass. [ 3 ]
Brain of the sperm whale, considered the largest brain in the world. Sperm whales have the largest brain mass of any animal on Earth, averaging 8,000 cm 3 (490 in 3) and 7.8 kg (17 lb) in mature males. [23] The brain to body mass ratio in some odontocetes, such as belugas and narwhals, is second only to humans. [24]
The unusual high brain energy consumption percentage of mormyrinae fish is thus due to them having the unusual combination of a large brain in a low energy consuming body. [1] The actual energy consumption per unit mass of its brain is not in fact particularly high and indeed lower (2.02 mg g 1 h 1 ) than that in some other fish such as ...