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Hindu beliefs are vast and diverse, and thus Hinduism is often referred to as a family of religions rather than a single religion. [web 9] Within each religion in this family of religions, there are different theologies, practices, and sacred texts.
Hinduism – predominant and indigenous religious tradition of the Indian Subcontinent. [1] Its followers are called Hindus , who refer to it as Sanātana Dharma [ 2 ] ( Sanskrit : सनातनधर्मः , lit.
Hindu philosophy or Vedic philosophy is the set of Indian philosophical systems that developed in tandem with early Hindu religious traditions during the iron and classical ages of India. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana ( Sanskrit : दर्शन; meaning: "viewpoint or perspective"), from the Sanskrit root ...
In Hinduism, the conception of God varies in its diverse religio-philosophical traditions. [6] Hinduism comprises a wide range of beliefs about God and Divinity, such as henotheism, monotheism, polytheism, panentheism, pantheism, pandeism, monism, agnosticism, atheism, and nontheism.
In Hinduism, Brahman (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मन्; IAST: Brahman) connotes the highest universal principle, the Ultimate Reality of the universe. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In major schools of Hindu philosophy , it is the non-physical, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists.
[35] [note 7] Hinduism co-existed for several centuries with Buddhism, [36] to finally gain the upper hand at all levels in the 8th century. [37] [web 1] [note 8] From northern India this "Hindu synthesis", and its societal divisions, spread to southern India and parts of Southeast Asia, as courts and rulers adopted the Brahmanical culture.
A Hindu may, by his or her choice, draw upon ideas of other Indian or non-Indian religious thought as a resource, follow or evolve his or her personal beliefs, and still identify as a Hindu. [65] In 1995, Chief Justice P. B. Gajendragadkar was quoted in an Indian Supreme Court ruling: [124] [125]
There were Vedic schools that believed in polytheism in which numerous gods had different natural functions, henotheistic beliefs where only one god was worshipped but others were thought to exist, monotheistic beliefs in a single god, agnosticism, and monistic beliefs where "there is an absolute reality that goes beyond the gods and that ...