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Middle Korean is the period in the history of the Korean language succeeding Old Korean and yielding in 1600 to the Modern period. The boundary between the Old and Middle periods is traditionally identified with the establishment of Goryeo in 918, but some scholars have argued for the time of the Mongol invasions of Korea (mid-13th century).
The Middle Korean high and rising tones have become the Hamgyŏng high pitch, and the Middle Korean low tone has become the Hamgyŏng low pitch. Vowel length is not phonemic. [1] [a] The Hamgyŏng dialect has palatalized both Middle Korean t(h)i-, t(h)y-and k(h)i-, k(h)y-into c(h)i-, c(h)-like the majority of Korean dialects, but unlike Seoul ...
Old Korean is generally defined as the ancient Koreanic language of the Silla state (BCE 57–CE 936), [3] especially in its Unified period (668–936). [4] [5] Proto-Koreanic, the hypothetical ancestor of the Koreanic languages understood largely through the internal reconstruction of later forms of Korean, [6] is to be distinguished from the actually historically attested language of Old Korean.
The speech of Jeju Island is not mutually intelligible with standard Korean, suggesting that it should be treated as a separate language. [33] Standard 15th-century texts include a back central unrounded vowel /ʌ/ (written with the Hangul letter ㆍ ), which has merged with other vowels in mainland dialects but is retained as a distinct vowel in Jeju. [34]
preservation of Middle Korean alternative noun stems that appear when followed by a vowel-initial suffix, e.g. Yukjin namwo "tree" but nangk-ey "in the tree" (Middle Korean namwo and namk-oy, Seoul namwu and namwu-ey) [33] In some respects, Yukjin is more conservative than fifteenth-century Middle Korean. [34]
The Mumun period is known for the origins of intensive agriculture and complex societies on both the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago. [2] [3] [4] This period or parts of it have sometimes been labelled as the "Korean Bronze Age", after Thomsen's 19th century three-age system classification of human prehistory. However, the ...
Jungin were the lifeblood of the Korean Confucian agrarian bureaucracy, on whom the upper classes depended on to maintain their vice-like hold on the people. Their traditions and habits are the forerunners of the modern Korean administrative systems in both North and South Korea. [2] [3]
Most Gyeongsang dialects have six vowels, a (ㅏ), e (ㅔ), i (ㅣ), eo (ㅓ), o (ㅗ), u (ㅜ). In most areas, the vowelsㅐ(ae) and ㅔ (e) are conflated. A 2015 study found that Gyeongsang dialect speakers merged these sounds more significantly than speakers from central regions of Korea, but less so than speakers from southwestern Korea in Jeonbuk or Jeonnam. [2]