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Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others, [1] is an opioid pain medication and a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat moderately severe pain. [10] [14] When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour. [10] It is also available by ...
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
Tramadol has several enantiomers, and each forms metabolites after processing in the liver. These tramadol variants have varying activities at the μ-opioid receptor, the norepinephrine transporter, and the serotonin transporter, and differing half-lives, with the metabolites having the best activity. Using tramadol as a starting point, the ...
Bradycardia; Hypertension (high blood pressure); Allergic reactions (e.g. dyspnoea (shortness of breath), bronchospasm, wheezing, angioneurotic oedema) Anaphylaxis; Changes in appetite
(+)-Desmetramadol is a G-protein biased μ-opioid receptor full agonist. [4] It shows comparatively far lower affinity for the δ-and κ-opioid receptors. [5]The two enantiomers of desmetramadol show quite distinct pharmacological profiles; [6] both (+) and (−)-desmetramadol are inactive as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [7] but (−)-desmetramadol retains activity as a norepinephrine ...
For systemic use, ketorolac can be administered orally, under the tongue, by intramuscular injection, intravenously, and by nasal spray. [15] Usually, it is initially administered by intramuscular injection or intravenously, [3] with oral therapy used as a continuation after the initial IM or IV dose. [15] [19] Ketorolac is also used as an eye ...
Peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs) are a class of chemical compounds that are used to reverse adverse effects caused by opioids interacting with receptors outside the central nervous system (CNS), mainly those located in the gastrointestinal tract.
Approved indication for dihydrocodeine is the management of moderate to moderately severe pain as well as coughing and shortness of breath. As is the case with other drugs in this group, the antitussive dose tends to be less than the analgesic dose, and dihydrocodeine is a powerful cough suppressant like all other members of the immediate codeine family (see below) and their cousins ...
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