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Germany was ruled by monarchs from the beginning of division of the Frankish Empire in August 843 to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806. [1] [2] [3] During most of 19th century, independent German principalities were organized into various confederations, such as the Confederation of the Rhine dominated by Napoleon (1806-1913) and the German Confederation created by the ...
1 Heads of state. 2 Heads of government. 3 Ministers. 4 Heads of former states. ... Presidents of Germany; List of German presidents since 1919; List of German monarchs.
State Portrait Head of government [a] Date of birth Party Took office Time in office Election(s) Current cabinet Baden-Württemberg: Winfried Kretschmann 17 May 1948 (age 76) Greens: 12 May 2011: 13 years, 234 days 2021 2016 2011: Kretschmann III Bavaria: Markus Söder 5 January 1967 (age 57) CSU: 16 March 2018: 6 years, 291 days 2023 2018
The list includes the names of recently elected or appointed heads of state and government who will take office on an appointed date, as presidents-elect and prime ministers–designate, and those leading a government-in-exile if internationally recognised.
The formal head of state was originally the President of the German Democratic Republic. After the death of incumbent Wilhelm Pieck in 1960, the office was replaced by a collective body as head of state, the State Council. The position of chairman was the de facto head of state and commonly held by the party leader.
In the former states of Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, defunct since 1952, the heads of state held the title State President (Staatspräsident). Nevertheless, in Germany, it is common to refer to all sixteen heads of the states as minister-presidents, if they are referred to collectively.
The list below gives the chancellors of West Germany; the government of East Germany was headed by the chairman of the Council of Ministers. [8] In 1990, East Germany was dissolved as it merged with West Germany; Germany was reunified. It retained the name of the Federal Republic of Germany. [9] Political parties: CDU (4) SPD (4) Independent (1)
Germany's federal system comprises 16 state parliaments (the German terms are Landtag in large states, Bürgerschaft in Bremen and Hamburg, and Abgeordnetenhaus in Berlin), each including directly elected representatives.