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A gyre is a circular ocean current formed by the Earth's wind patterns and the forces created by the rotation of the planet. [33] There are five main ocean gyres: the North and South Pacific Subtropical Gyres, the North and South Atlantic Subtropical Gyres, and the Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre. There are significant garbage patches in each of ...
Maritime security is of increasing concern to the global shipping industry, where there are a wide range of security threats and challenges. [5] Some of the practical issues clustered under the term of maritime security include crimes such as piracy , armed robbery at sea, trafficking of people and illicit goods, illegal fishing or marine ...
Ocean currents are instrumental in determining the climate in many regions around the world. While little is known about the effects of removing ocean current energy, the impacts of removing current energy on the farfield environment may be a significant environmental concern. The typical turbine issues with blade strike, entanglement of marine ...
The European Union took a decision in 2008 to improve the integration and interoperability of member states' maritime safety, security, border control, environmental protection, fisheries and law enforcement systems in order to create a Common Information Sharing Environment for the EU maritime domain.
From shallow waters to the deep sea, the open ocean to rivers and lakes, numerous terrestrial and marine species depend on the surface ecosystem and the organisms found there. [28] The ocean's surface acts like a skin between the atmosphere above and the water below, and harbours an ecosystem unique to this environment.
The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act of 1980 (OTECA) is an act authorized by Congress to address ocean thermal conversion. It is one of six acts enacted by the Energy Security Act of 1980. [ 1 ] Ocean thermal energy conversion is the extraction of energy from the thermal differentials of subsea and surface water in regions with tropical oceans.
A cargo ship discharging ballast water into the sea. Ballast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. [1] Cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers use a huge amount of ballast water, which is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo, and discharged at the next port of call, wherever ...
Ocean heat content (OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by oceans. To calculate the ocean heat content, it is necessary to measure ocean temperature at many different locations and depths. Integrating the areal density of a change in enthalpic energy over an ocean basin or entire ocean gives the total ocean heat ...