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Although aqua regia is an unstable mixture that continually gives off fumes containing free chlorine gas, this chlorine gas appears to have been ignored until c. 1630, when its nature as a separate gaseous substance was recognised by the Brabantian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont. [15] [en 1] Carl Wilhelm Scheele, discoverer of ...
Lewis structure of a water molecule. Lewis structures – also called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs) – are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.
The structure of dichlorine monoxide is similar to that of water and hypochlorous acid, with the molecule adopting a bent molecular geometry (due to the lone pairs on the oxygen atom) and resulting in C 2V molecular symmetry. The bond angle is slightly larger than normal, likely due to steric repulsion between the bulky chlorine atoms.
The chlorate ion cannot be satisfactorily represented by just one Lewis structure, since all the Cl–O bonds are the same length (1.49 Å in potassium chlorate [1]), and the chlorine atom is hypervalent. Instead, it is often thought of as a hybrid of multiple resonance structures:
Hypochlorous acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cl O H, also written as HClO, HOCl, or ClHO. [2] [3] Its structure is H−O−Cl.It is an acid that forms when chlorine dissolves in water, and itself partially dissociates, forming a hypochlorite anion, ClO −.
InCl 3 is a Lewis acid and forms complexes with donor ligands, L, InCl 3 L, InCl 3 L 2, InCl 3 L 3. For example, with the chloride ion it forms tetrahedral InCl 4 −, trigonal bipyramidal InCl 5 2−, and octahedral InCl 6 3−. [5] In diethyl ether solution, InCl 3 reacts with lithium hydride, LiH, to form .
In the laboratory it is occasionally used as a source of chlorine, with elimination of ethene and chloride. Via several steps, 1,2-dichloroethane is a precursor to 1,1,1-trichloroethane . Historically, before leaded petrol was phased out, chloroethanes were used as an additive in petrol to prevent lead buildup in engines.
In the laboratory, chlorine gas is led into a flask containing elemental sulfur. As disulfur dichloride is formed, the contents become a golden yellow liquid: [8] S 8 + 4 Cl 2 → 4 S 2 Cl 2, ΔH = −58.2 kJ/mol. Excess chlorine produces sulfur dichloride, which causes the liquid to become less yellow and more orange-red: