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The Z-score formula for predicting bankruptcy was published in 1968 by Edward I. Altman, who was, at the time, an Assistant Professor of Finance at New York University. The formula may be used to determine the probability that a firm will go into bankruptcy within two years.
In 1968, in the first formal multiple variable analysis, Edward I. Altman applied multiple discriminant analysis within a pair-matched sample. One of the most prominent early models of bankruptcy prediction is the Altman Z-score, which is still applied today.
The Altman Z-score is a multivariate formula for a measurement of the financial health of a company and a powerful diagnostic tool that forecasts the probability of a company entering bankruptcy. Studies measuring the effectiveness of the Z-Score have shown that the model has an 80%–90% reliability.
The Altman's z‐score is extensively used in empirical research as a measure of firm-level stability for its high correlation with the probability of default.This measure contrasts buffers (capitalization and returns) with risk (volatility of returns) and has done well at predicting bankruptcies within two years.
The Ohlson O-score for predicting bankruptcy is a multi-factor financial formula postulated in 1980 by Dr. James Ohlson of the New York University Stern Accounting Department as an alternative to the Altman Z-score for predicting financial distress.
Predicting Financial Distress of Companies: Revisiting the Z-Score and Zeta Models by Edward Altman; Financial Distress, Bankruptcy Law, and the Business Cycle by Javier Suarez and Oren Sussman; Insolvency Service website; Probability of bankruptcy screener for public companies based on Altman Z Score
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Z-score is a type of statistical ratio. It may also refer to: Z-value, in ecology; Z-factor, in high-throughput screening; Altman Z-score, in financial analysis