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The liberation from Saṃsāra developed as an ultimate goal and soteriological value in the Indian culture, and called by different terms such as nirvana, moksha, mukti and kaivalya. This basic scheme underlies Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, where "the ultimate aim is the timeless state of moksa , or, as the Buddhists first seem to have ...
As with all Indian religions, moksha is the ultimate spiritual goal in Jainism. It defines moksha as the spiritual release from all karma. [122] Jainism is a Sramanic non-theistic philosophy that believes in a metaphysical permanent self or soul often termed jiva. Jaina believe that this soul is what transmigrates from one being to another at ...
The goals of alchemy in India included the ... Jabir's ultimate goal was ... The terms "chemia" and "alchemia" were used as synonyms in the early modern period, and ...
Kama states the relative value of three goals as follows: artha is more important and should precede kama, while dharma is more important and should precede both kama and artha. [28] Kautiliya's Arthashastra, however, argues that artha is the foundation for the other two. Without prosperity and security in society or at individual level, both ...
Nirvana is the goal of many Buddhist paths, and leads to the soteriological release from dukkha ('suffering') and rebirths in saṃsāra. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Nirvana is part of the Third Truth on "cessation of dukkha " in the Four Noble Truths , [ 3 ] and the " summum bonum of Buddhism and goal of the Eightfold Path ."
Summum bonum. For the poem by Robert Browning, see Summum Bonum (poem). Summum bonum is a Latin expression meaning the highest or ultimate good, which was introduced by the Roman philosopher Cicero [1][2] to denote the fundamental principle on which some system of ethics is based — that is, the aim of actions, which, if consistently pursued ...
Ātman (/ ˈɑːtmən /; Sanskrit: आत्मन्) is a Sanskrit word for the true or eternal Self or the self-existent essence or impersonal witness-consciousness within each individual. Atman is conceptually different from Jīvātman, which persists across multiple bodies and lifetimes. Some schools of Indian philosophy regard the Ātman ...
e. In ethical philosophy, utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals. [1][2] In other words, utilitarian ideas encourage actions that ensure the greatest good for the greatest number. Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit ...