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The law of total probability is [1] a theorem that states, in its discrete case, if is a finite or countably infinite set of mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events, then for any event. or, alternatively, [1] where, for any , if , then these terms are simply omitted from the summation since is finite.
Carleson's theorem is a fundamental result in mathematical analysis establishing the pointwise (Lebesgue) almost everywhere convergence of Fourier series of L2 functions, proved by Lennart Carleson (1966). The name is also often used to refer to the extension of the result by Richard Hunt (1968) to Lp functions for p ∈ (1, ∞] (also known as ...
Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms. Typically these axioms formalise probability in terms of a ...
t. e. In probability theory, a probability space or a probability triple is a mathematical construct that provides a formal model of a random process or "experiment". For example, one can define a probability space which models the throwing of a die. A probability space consists of three elements: [1][2] A sample space, Ω {\displaystyle \Omega }
Probability theory. The standard probability axioms are the foundations of probability theory introduced by Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov in 1933. [1] These axioms remain central and have direct contributions to mathematics, the physical sciences, and real-world probability cases. [2]
Problem of points. The problem of points, also called the problem of division of the stakes, is a classical problem in probability theory. One of the famous problems that motivated the beginnings of modern probability theory in the 17th century, it led Blaise Pascal to the first explicit reasoning about what today is known as an expected value.
The Fourier–Bessel series of a function f(x) with a domain of [0, b] satisfying f(b) = 0. Bessel function for (i) = and (ii) =.: [,] is the representation of that function as a linear combination of many orthogonal versions of the same Bessel function of the first kind J α, where the argument to each version n is differently scaled, according to [1] [2] ():= (,) where u α,n is a root ...
Millennium Prize Problems. In mathematics, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture (often called the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture) describes the set of rational solutions to equations defining an elliptic curve. It is an open problem in the field of number theory and is widely recognized as one of the most challenging mathematical problems.