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In Denmark, scientific misconduct is defined as "intention[al] negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist", and in Sweden as "intention[al] distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or ...
Swedish definition: "Intention [al] distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or publication; or distortion of the research process in other ways." The consequences of scientific misconduct can be damaging for perpetrators and journal audience [3][4] and for ...
The earliest dated example is the Diamond Sutra of 868. In the Islamic world and the West, all books were in manuscript until the introduction of movable type printing in about 1450. [clarification needed] Manuscript copying of books continued for a least a century, as printing remained expensive. Private or government documents remained hand ...
1881. The Bakhshali manuscript is an ancient Indian mathematical text written on birch bark that was found in 1881 in the village of Bakhshali, Mardan (near Peshawar in present-day Pakistan, historical Gandhara). It is perhaps "the oldest extant manuscript in Indian mathematics ". [4] For some portions a carbon-date was proposed of AD 224–383 ...
IMRAD. In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD (/ ˈɪmræd /) (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) [1] is a common organizational structure (a document format). IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type. [2]
Conflicts of interest undermine the reliability of some academic journal articles cited on Wikipedia. The Sponsored Point of View panel discusses this problem in 2012. Conflicts of interest (COIs) often arise in academic publishing. [ 1] Such conflicts may cause wrongdoing and make it more likely. Ethical standards in academic publishing exist ...
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