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In linguistics, a redundancy is information that is expressed more than once. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Examples of redundancies include multiple agreement features in morphology , [ 1 ] multiple features distinguishing phonemes in phonology , [ 2 ] or the use of multiple words to express a single idea in rhetoric . [ 1 ]
Redundancy, and "useless" or "nonsensical" words (or phrases, or morphemes), can also be inherited by one language from the influence of another and are not pleonasms in the more critical sense but actual changes in grammatical construction considered to be required for "proper" usage in the language or dialect in question.
Bilingual tautological expressions – Redundancy in linguistic expression; Figure of speech – Non-literal word or phrase used for effect; Grammar – Structural rules of a language; Hyperbole – Rhetorical device; Lapalissade – An utterly obvious truism or tautology, with comical effect; No true Scotsman – Informal logical fallacy
IP addresses how learners initially perceive and process linguistic data in spoken or written language. [3] [2] The theory addresses the psycholinguistic strategies and mechanisms that learners use to derive intake from input and also asks which psycholinguistic strategies the second language (L2) learner tends to rely upon during input processing.
The term interlanguage fossilization refers to common types of errors made by most adult second-language learners, differing from the idiomatic usage of native-language learners. [2] These are erroneous generalizations or simplified language rules, which may be classified as phonological fossilization, lexical fossilization, syntactic ...
It is often assumed that young children learn languages more easily than adolescents and adults. [2] [5] However, the reverse is true; older learners are faster.For example, a study of 17,000 British students showed that those who started learning French aged 11 performed better than those who started learning it aged 8. [6]
Circumlocution is often used by beginner and intermediate second language speakers to convey the meaning of a word they don't know in their target language. Relative clauses are often used for circumlocution in English. [4] For example, [Firefighters] are the people who you call when your house is on fire.
The word economy has been used in different ways in linguistics and sometimes only refers to parsimony (or notational parsimony, e.g., Louis Hjelmslev).Grammatical efficiency (John A. Hawkins) is another single-principle concept relating to sentence processing; and economy in generative grammar refers simultaneously to notational parsimony and syntactic processing.