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The main cause of the Year Without a Summer is generally held to be a volcanic winter created by the April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora on Sumbawa. [7] [8] [9] The eruption had a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) ranking of 7, and ejected at least 37 km 3 (8.9 cu mi) of dense-rock equivalent material into the atmosphere. [10]
The eruption of Mount Tambora was the largest cause of this climate anomaly. [22] While there were other eruptions in 1815, Tambora is classified as a VEI-7 eruption with a column 45 km (148,000 ft) tall, eclipsing all others by at least one order of magnitude.
A moderate-sized eruption on 5 April 1815 was followed by thunderous detonation sounds that could be heard in Ternate on the Molucca Islands, 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) from Mount Tambora. On the morning of 6 April 1815, volcanic ash began to fall in East Java , with faint detonation sounds lasting until 10 April. [ 31 ]
Mount Tambora, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia: 1815, Apr 10: 7: 160–213 km 3 (38–51 cu mi) of tephra: an estimated 10–120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced the "Year Without a Summer" [23] 1808 ice core event: Unknown eruption near equator, magnitude roughly half Tambora
Three great columns of flame rose in the sky over Mount Tambora on April 10, 1815. The long-dormant Indonesian volcano had rumbled to life five days earlier with a thunderous detonation followed.
This process raised Mount Tambora as high as 4,300 m (14,000 ft), making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago, and drained off a large magma chamber inside the mountain. In 1815 , Tambora erupted with a rating of seven on the volcanic explosivity index ; the largest eruption since the Lake Taupō eruption in AD 181 .
On June 15, 1991, a rumbling Mount Pinatubo grew and grew until it exploded in the biggest volcanic eruption on Earth in 100 years. Super-pressurized, gas-charged magma burst through and a cloud ...
Two of the four eruptions were previously identified: Mount Tambora in Indonesia exploded in 1815, and Cosegüina erupted in Nicaragua in 1835. The volcano that produced the 1808/1809 eruption ...