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In the 2010 United States Census, 84.4% of Indiana residents reported being white, compared with 73.8% for the nation as a whole. [7]Indiana, while not having much in the way of slaves and in-fact outlawing slavery in the state's first constitution with Article VIII, Section 1 expressly banning slavery or any introduction of slavery into the law of the state. [8]
1864–1908: [Statute] Passed three Jim Crow laws between 1864 and 1908, all concerning miscegenation. School segregation was barred in 1876, followed by ending segregation of public facilities in 1885. Four laws protecting civil liberties were passed between 1930 and 1957 when the anti-miscegenation statute was repealed.
Segregation was enforced across the U.S. for much of its history. Racial segregation follows two forms, De jure and De facto. De jure segregation mandated the separation of races by law, and was the form imposed by slave codes before the Civil War and by Black Codes and Jim Crow laws following the war.
OpEd: Segregation was legalized by ordinance and state law and upheld by federal courts. Where it was not legally enforced, it was customary or privately enforced.
J. Thomas Shipp and Abraham S. Smith were African-American men who were murdered in a spectacle lynching by a group of thousands on August 7, 1930, in Marion, Indiana. They were taken from jail cells, beaten, and hanged from a tree in the county courthouse square. They had been arrested that night as suspects in a robbery, murder and rape case.
In 1851 Indiana adopted a new constitution, and among its new clauses was one that prohibited blacks from immigrating to Indiana. The prohibition was intended to be a punishment to the slavery states. Like several other northern states, Indiana lawmakers believed the majority of free blacks were uneducated and ill-equipped to care for themselves.
It is the picture of perception vs. reality and how de jure segregation along with separate and unequal community standards, helped to shape a negative black identity in the eyes of white America.
In 1954, segregation of public schools (state-sponsored) was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In some states, it took many years to implement this decision, while the Warren Court continued to rule against Jim Crow legislation in other cases ...