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For example, macro research domains typically include strategic management and organization theory, whereas micro includes areas such as organizational behaviour and human resource management. [14] Most early macroeconomic models, including early Keynesian models, were based on hypotheses about relationships between aggregate quantities, such ...
It can also be generalized to explain variables across the economy, for example, total output (estimated as real GDP) and the general price level, as studied in macroeconomics. [19] Tracing the qualitative and quantitative effects of variables that change supply and demand, whether in the short or long run, is a standard exercise in applied ...
Most economists identify as either macro- or micro-economists. Macroeconomics is traditionally divided into topics along different time frames: the analysis of short-term fluctuations over the business cycle , the determination of structural levels of variables like inflation and unemployment in the medium (i.e. unaffected by short-term ...
A macroeconomic model is an analytical tool designed to describe the operation of the problems of economy of a country or a region. These models are usually designed to examine the comparative statics and dynamics of aggregate quantities such as the total amount of goods and services produced, total income earned, the level of employment of productive resources, and the level of prices.
A typical example is the aggregate production function. [2] Another famous problem is Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu theorem. Most of macroeconomic statements comprise this problem. Examples of aggregates in micro- and macroeconomics relative to less aggregated counterparts are: Food vs. apples; Price level and real GDP vs. the price and quantity ...
Microeconomic reform (or often just economic reform) comprises policies directed to achieve improvements in economic efficiency, either by eliminating or reducing distortions in individual sectors of the economy or by reforming economy-wide policies such as tax policy and competition policy with an emphasis on economic efficiency, rather than other goals such as equity or employment growth.
The earlier term for the discipline was "political economy", but since the late 19th century, it has commonly been called "economics". [22] The term is ultimately derived from Ancient Greek οἰκονομία (oikonomia) which is a term for the "way (nomos) to run a household (oikos)", or in other words the know-how of an οἰκονομικός (oikonomikos), or "household or homestead manager".
A good example of how microeconomics started to incorporate game theory, is the Stackelberg competition model published in that same year of 1934, [27] which can be characterised as a dynamic game with a leader and a follower, and then be solved to find a Nash Equilibrium, named after John Nash who gave a very general definition of it.