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The CN Tower was surpassed in 2009 by the Canton Tower in Guangzhou, China, which stands at 604 m (1,982 ft) tall, as the world's tallest tower; which in turn was surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree in 2011, which currently is the tallest tower at 634.0 m (2,080.1 ft) in height. [12] [62] The CN Tower, as of 2022, stands as the tenth-tallest free ...
An NVIS antenna configuration is a horizontally polarized (parallel with the surface of the earth) radiating element that is from 1 / 20 th wavelength to 1 / 4 wave above the ground. The optimum height of such an antenna is about 1 / 4 wavelength, and high angle radiation declines only slightly for heights up to about ...
In North America, for instance, there are transmitting antennas on the Empire State Building, the Willis Tower, Prudential Tower, 4 Times Square, and One World Trade Center. The North Tower of the original World Trade Center also had a 110-metre (360 ft) telecommunications antenna atop its roof, constructed in 1978–1979, and began ...
[citation needed] To perform adequately, the counterpoise should extend at least half a wavelength from the antenna tower in all directions. [8] In designing a counterpoise for a medium-wave radio station, for example, radio-waves are a maximum of 566 metres (1,857 ft) long. Therefore, the counterpoise should extend 282 metres (925 ft) from the ...
Of the 21 buildings in Toronto taller than 200 metres, only seven were built prior to 2010. In 2012, The St. Regis Toronto (then known as Trump International Hotel and Tower) was completed, with a top dome height of 252 m (827 ft) [4] and an antenna height of 277 metres (908 ft), making it the fourth-tallest structure in Toronto and all of Canada.
The effective area of an antenna is defined as "In a given direction, the ratio of the available power at the terminals of a receiving antenna to the power flux density of a plane wave incident on the antenna from that direction, the wave being polarization matched to the antenna." [1] Of particular note in this definition is that both ...
If a wave is incident upon the array at broadside, then a 180° phase difference will be measured between the elements, corresponding to a 90° AoA. In single antenna case, data-driven techniques [2] are powerful tools to estimate AoA, capitalizing on the inherent imperfections of the antenna. In optics, AoA can be calculated using interferometry.
Height above average terrain (HAAT), or (less popularly) effective height above average terrain (EHAAT), is the vertical position of an antenna site above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television , as it is more important than effective radiated power (ERP) in determining the range of broadcasts ( VHF and ...